Adherence by orthopaedic surgeons to AHPRA and Australian Orthopaedic Association advertising guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: To examine adherence to Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) and Australian Orthopaedic Association (AOA) advertising guidelines by AOA members. DESIGN, SETTING: Cross-sectional survey, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Two samples of AOA member orthopaedic surgeons: 81 randomly selected from a list of AOA members with publicly available contact details (AOA random sample); and a sample obtained by searching with Google for "orthopaedic surgeon" and the name of the major city in each of the eight Australian states and territories in turn; the top eight results for each search were considered for inclusion (AOA Google sample). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non-compliance of advertising material, by surgeon sample, with the AHPRA and AOA guidelines; associations between non-compliance and sample, state, location (metropolitan, regional), and subspecialty. RESULTS: Of the 81 surgeons in the AOA random sample, 52 (64%) were non-compliant with at least one aspect of the AHPRA guidelines, and 53 (65%) were non-compliant with at least one aspect of the AOA guidelines. Of the 59 surgeons in the AOA Google sample, 48 were non-compliant with the AHPRA guidelines (81%) and 46 with the AOA guidelines (78%). Incidence of non-compliance with the AHPRA guidelines was influenced by sample source (AOA Google v AOA random: incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.01-1.87), but not non-compliance with the AOA guidelines (IRR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.77-1.55). CONCLUSION: A large proportion of AOA members who advertise online do not comply with AHPRA and AOA advertising guidelines.

The Search for Consumers of Web-Based Raw DNA Interpretation Services: Using Social Media to Target Hard-to-Reach Populations.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there has been a proliferation of third-party Web-based services available to consumers to interpret raw DNA from direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies. Little is known about who uses these services and the downstream health implications. Identifying this hard-to-reach population of consumers for research raised questions about the most effective recruitment methods to undertake. Past studies have found that Web-based social media survey distribution can be cost-effective for targeting hard-to-reach populations, yet comparative efficacy information across platforms is limited. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the most effective Web-based strategies to identify and recruit the target population of direct-to-consumer genetic testing users who also made use of third-party interpretation services to analyze their raw genetic data. Web-based survey recruitment methods varying by social media platform and advertising method were compared in terms of cost-effectiveness and demographics of survey respondents. METHODS: A total of 5 Web-based survey distribution conditions were examined: 4 paid advertising services and 1 unpaid service. For the paid services, a 2x2 quasi-experimental design compared social media platforms (Facebook vs Twitter) and advertising tracking metrics (by click vs by conversion). The fifth unpaid comparison method consisted of study postings on the social media platform, Reddit, without any paid advertising. Links to identical Web-based versions of the study questionnaire were posted for 10 to 14 days for each of the distribution conditions, which allowed tracking the number of respondents that entered and completed the questionnaire by distribution condition. RESULTS: In total, 438 individuals were recruited to the study through all conditions. A nearly equivalent number of participants were recruited from paid campaigns on Facebook (n=159) and Twitter (n=167), with a smaller sample recruited on Reddit (n=112). Significantly more participants were recruited through conversion-tracking (n=222) than through click-tracking campaigns (n=104; Z=6.5, P<.001). Response rates were found to be partially driven by organic sharing of recruitment materials among social media users. Conversion tracking was more cost-effective than click tracking across paid social media platforms. Significant differences in terms of gender and age distributions were noted between the platforms and between the tracking metrics. CONCLUSIONS: Web-based recruitment methods were effective at recruiting participants from a hard-to-reach population in a short time frame. There were significant differences in the effectiveness of various paid advertising techniques. Recruitment through Web-based communities also appeared to perform adequately, yet it may be limited by the number of users accessible in open community groups. Future research should evaluate the impact of organic sharing of recruitment materials because this appeared to play a substantial role in the observed effectiveness of different methods.

Ética odontológica: para onde devemos olhar em busca de soluções? / Ethics in dentistry: where should we look for solutions?

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o momento da ética odontológica, comportamentos observados nas mídias sociais, e a influencia do mercado de consumo na Odontologia. Foi realizada uma análise em diferentes perspectivas temporais sobre a proposta de "flexibilização" do Código de Ética, o que significaria abrir normas que por princípio são fechadas, abdicando ou tirando de contexto alguns dos princípios norteadores da conduta do Cirurgião-dentista. Aditivamente, mostrou-se algumas possíveis saídas para as questões levantadas como a discussão em fóruns adequados com participação dentre outros de especialistas da área de ética, bioética e odontologia legal, além da criação de centros de pensamento (ou think tank) da Odontologia, e ainda pela formação continuada na área de ética profissional. Finalizando, justamente a ética foi elevada como solução, através da Disciplina de Ética, Deontologia e matérias correlatas tornando-se necessidade básica na formação de profissionais cientes de suas responsabilidades para com a saúde do ser humano e seu papel na sociedade.

The present study aims to reflect ethics in dentistry moment, behaviors observed in social media, and the consumer on dentistry market influence. Different temporal perspectives analysis was made about the proposal to "flexibilize" the Code of Ethics, which mean opening rules that are closed by principle, abdicating or taking out of context some dentist guiding principles. In addition, there were some possible solutions to the issues raised, such as the discussion in appropriate forum with specialists in ethics, bioethics and legal dentistry, as well as the creation of dentistry think-tanks, and continuing education in the area of professional ethics. Finally, ethics has been elevated as a solution through the Discipline of Ethics, Deontology and related subjects becoming a basic need in the training of professionals aware of their responsibilities towards the human health and its role in society.

Beauty and the Banana: it is a commercial promotion, not a public health campaign.

This commentary examines the recent Disney-Dole "There's Beauty in Healthy Living" initiative and the implications of using character licensing to market produce to children. While the idea of promoting healthy foods to children is appealing, it is critical to consider the ethics of marketing to children-and whether, in fact, these commercial promotions deliver when it comes to improving public health.

Food and Beverage Marketing in Schools: A Review of the Evidence.

Despite growing interest from government agencies, non-governmental organizations and school boards in restricting or regulating unhealthy food and beverage marketing to children, limited research has examined the emerging knowledge base regarding school-based food and beverage marketing in high-income countries. This review examined current approaches for measuring school food and beverage marketing practices, and evidence regarding the extent of exposure and hypothesized associations with children's diet-related outcomes. Five databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO) and six grey literature sources were searched for papers that explicitly examined school-based food and beverage marketing policies or practices. Twenty-seven papers, across four high-income countries including Canada (n = 2), Ireland (n = 1), Poland (n = 1) and United States (n = 23) were identified and reviewed. Results showed that three main methodological approaches have been used: direct observation, self-report surveys, and in-person/telephone interviews, but few studies reported on the validity or reliability of measures. Findings suggest that students in the U.S. are commonly exposed to a broad array of food and beverage marketing approaches including direct and indirect advertising, although the extent of exposure varies widely across studies. More pervasive marketing exposure was found among secondary or high schools compared with elementary/middle schools and among schools with lower compared with higher socio-economic status. Three of five studies examining diet-related outcomes found that exposure to school-based food and beverage marketing was associated with food purchasing or consumption, particularly for minimally nutritious items. There remains a need for a core set of standard and universal measures that are sufficiently rigorous and comprehensive to assess the totality of school food and beverage marketing practices that can be used to compare exposure between study contexts and over time. Future research should examine the validity of school food and beverage marketing assessments and the impacts of exposure (and emerging policies that reduce exposure) on children's purchasing and diet-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors in school settings.

Conflicts of Interest in Medicine. A Systematic Review of Published and Scientifically evaluated Curricula.

Objective: Conflicts of interests resulting from interactions with pharmaceutical companies are pervasive in medicine and can result in an undue influence on physicians' decision-making. The objective of this systematic review is to analyze published and scientifically evaluated curricula for medical students and residents regarding such conflicts of interest. We begin by describing the covered topics and teaching methods; afterwards we analyze the quality of the curricula using the published data on their evaluations and comparing the content with content recommended for such curricula. Methods: We searched Pubmed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, OECD, WISO, SOWI and googlescholar up to and including the 5th of September 2016. Publications describing curricula for residents or medical students on the topic of conflicts of interest in medicine and evaluating them for their effects on the participants' learning were included. We analyzed the covered topics and the teaching methods used and compared them with recommendations by the American Medical Students' Association (AMSA) and Health Action International (HAI). Results: The literature search resulted in 20 publications that fulfilled our search criteria. In five trials, a control group was used, in no trial the participants were randomized to intervention or control group. 16/20 published curricula primarily covered marketing strategies by pharmaceutical companies, especially the interaction with pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs). Most curricula only covered a limited number of topics recommended by AMSA/HAI. The most frequent teaching method was a group discussion, which was used in 18/20 curricula; all curricula used at least one interactive teaching method. The evaluation of the curricula was heterogeneous in results as well as design. Some publications described a change of attitudes toward a stronger skepticism regarding interactions with pharmaceutical companies. Four publications described improved knowledge, one publication described a change in behavior toward a reduction of the acceptance of gifts. Conclusion: The trials conducted to this date regarding curricula on conflicts of interests are methodologically flawed and the described curricula lack important topics beyond marketing strategies of pharmaceutical companies. In addition, there are no data so far on the sustainability of the courses' effects on participants' behavior. It is therefore necessary to develop a model curriculum that covers a broader variety of topics and to evaluate it using a well thought-out methodology to create a foundation for the further improvement of teaching conflicts of interest in medicine.

O atleta e a publicidade: reflexões acerca dos contratos publicitários esportivos expostos nas obras literárias de Harlan Coben / Athlete and advertising: reflections of advertising contracts sports exposed in literary works by Harlan Coben / Atleta y publicidad: reflexiones de contratos de publicidad deportiva expuestas a las obras literarias de Harlan Coben

Harlan Coben, escritor estadunidense de romances policiais, utiliza elementos esportivos como constituintes de sua estrutura narrativa. Desse modo, procuramos identificar as relações estabelecidas entre o meio esportivo e a publicidade expostas nas obras "Quebra de Confiança" (2011) e "Jogada Mortal" (2012), primeiras tramas da série "Myron Bolitar", por meio da análise dos personagens Christian Steele e Duane Richwood. Para tal, utilizaram-se os preceitos acerca da análise literária proposta por Antonio Candido (2000), que considera texto e contexto como constructos das narrativas, constatando-se que Coben retrata tais personagens como garotos-propaganda sujeitos às efemeridades presentes tanto no meio esportivo, quanto na permanência relacionada aos conglomerados de mídia, bem como pontua empresas de produtos esportivos de alto impacto neste segmento mercadológico dos anos 1990.

Harlan Coben, an american crime writer, uses sports elements as constituents of its narrative structure. We sought to identify the relations between the sports field and the exposed advertising in the works "Deal Breaker" (2011) and "Drop Shot" (2012), first plot of the series "Myron Bolitar", through the analysis of characters Christian Steele and Duane Richwood. For this, we used the precepts about literary analysis proposed by Antonio Candido (2000), which considers text and context as constructs narratives, if noting that Coben portraying such characters as poster boys subject to the ephemera present both in sports, as the permanence related to media conglomerates and punctuates companies sporting goods of high impact marketing in this segment of the 1990s.

Harlan Coben, escritor crimen en Estados Unidos, utiliza elementos deportivos como constituyentes de su estructura narrativa. Hemos tratado de identificar las relaciones entre el campo de deportes y el medio de la publicidad expuesta en las obras "Breach" (2011) y "Juego Mortal" (2012), el primer argumento de la serie "Myron Bolitar", a través del análisis de personajes Christian Steele y Duane Richwood. Para ello, hemos utilizado los preceptos sobre el análisis literario propuesto por Antonio Candido (2000), que consideran que el texto y el contexto como construcciones narrativas, señalando que si Coben retratar personajes tales como los niños de carteles sujetos a lo efímero presente tanto en los deportes, como la permanencia relacionada con los conglomerados de medios y puntúa las compañías de artículos deportivos de alto impacto de comercialización en este segmento de los años 1990.

Frequency, Context and Characteristics of Smile Used in Advertising.

OBJECTIVE: The images of smiling people are omnipresent in marketing. Frequency, smile characteristics, context of the smile and target audience in newspaper advertisements were points of interest of this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four examiners analyzed 600 advertisements from 46 European magazines and newspapers by using content and framing analysis. Twenty items of the analysis form the presence of people, smile characteristics, context of smile use, impression of success and health, and targeted audience. The chi-square test was used in statistical analysis. RESULTS: People were present in over 70% of the newspapers advertisements, and almost 80% of them were smiling, relating the product or service with positive context more often than with neutral or negative context (p<0.001). The advertisements with smile targeted the adults more frequently (70.6%) and adolescents (33.6%), and less often the elderly (22.2%) and children (4.2%); women (45.9%) or both genders (29.2%) were targeted more often than solely men (2.6%). Smile mostly filled out one quarter of the size of the entire advertisement (97%), equally spontaneous and posed smiles were used. In 82% of cases teeth were visible during smile, and buccal corridors were present in 39% of them. CONCLUSIONS: Smile is often used in newspaper advertisements, mostly targeting adult women, and providing the context of positive emotions. Most people will show teeth when they smile. Parameters of micro smile esthetics are not in the focus of an advertisement.

El uso de la publicidad en Odontología: revisión de la literatura / The use of advertising in Dentistry: literature review

La publicidad se ha vuelto un factor fundamental para el éxito de las empresas. En el caso de los productos dentales, el consumidor considera principalmente los beneficios del producto antes de adquirirlo. Sin embargo, existen otros factores relevantes en la interacción del consumidor con la publicidad odontológica. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer los resultados de la investigación en torno a la publicidad y su influencia en las decisiones de adquisición de productos y/o servicios odontológicos. Distintos autores han identificado factores para que un anuncio sea exitoso, algunos hablan de la creatividad y otros dan relevancia a la gestión de marca, entre otros elementos. Los dentistas encuentran que los consumidores están generalmente receptivos al uso de la publicidad. La publicidad puede ser una herramienta poderosa para el reclutamiento de los futuros pacientes y para asegurar a los pacientes actuales, pero deben respetarse los preceptos exigidos por el código de ética dental. Es necesario seguir investigando las implicancias de la publicidad en los servicios odontológicos.

Advertising has become a critical success factor for companies. In the case of dental products, consumers primarily consider the benefits of the product before purchasing. However, there are other relevant factors in consumer interaction with the dental advertising. The aim of this article is to present the results of research on advertising and its influence on purchasing decisions of pro-ducts and / or dental services. Several authors have identified factors related to successful ads, some speak about creativity and others give importance to brand management, among others. Dentists found that consumers are generally receptive to the use of advertising. Advertising can be a powerful tool for recruiting future patients and to ensure current patients, but the precepts required by dental ethics code must be respected. It is necessary further research about the implications of advertising in dental services.

[Content analysis of food adverts aimed at children]. / Análisis de contenido de la publicidad de productos alimenticios dirigidos a la población infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the contents and persuasive techniques used in processed food adverts aimed at children in Andalusia, comparing them with those aimed at adults. METHODS: Study based on advert content analysis with two phases: a descriptive design phase and an analytical observational design phase. A sample of adverts from 60hours of broadcasting from the two most watched television channels in Andalusia. RESULTS: A total of 416 food and non-alcoholic beverage adverts were obtained, for 91 different products. Approximately 42.9% (n=39) was aimed at children and 53.8% (n=49) were products classified as "unhealthy". Unhealthy foods were more common in adverts for children (p <0.001). Significant differences were found between the ads aimed at adults and those aimed at children. Emotional and irrational persuasive resources such as fantasy (p <0.001), cartoons (p <0.001) or offering gifts with the purchase of the product (p=0.003) were observed more frequently in adverts for children. CONCLUSIONS: Food advertising aimed at children in Andalusia is mainly based on offering products with a low nutritional value and using persuasive resources based on fantasy or gifts. The message is focused on the incentive and not the food. More effective measures than the current self-regulatory systems must be put in place to counter these distorted adverts.

Apoios à mulher/nutriz nas peças publicitárias da Semana Mundial da Amamentação / Apoyos a la mujer/nutriz en las piezas publicitarias de la Semana Mundial de la Lactancia Materna / Support to woman/nourisher in the advertising pieces of the World Breastfeeding Week

RESUMO Objetivo: desvendar os apoios da rede social da mulher/nutriz nas peças publicitárias da Semana Mundial da Amamentação. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, documental, qualitativo. Desde a coleta até a análise dessas peças, foram adotados os passos metodológicos de Gemma Penn, fundamentados na semiologia de Roland Barthes. Os resultados foram interpretados pela teoria da Rede Social de Sanícola e dos cinco tipos de apoio: presencial, emocional, instrumental, informativo e autoapoio. Resultados: em nove peças publicitárias das 22 semanas mundiais da amamentação, identificou-se/identificaram-se ator(es) da rede social da mulher/nutriz. Em cinco delas, companheiro, avó e irmão demonstraram apoio emocional e presencial à amamentação. Percebeu-se o autoapoio em três cartazes; o apoio instrumental, em um cartaz; e o apoio informativo, em cartaz algum. Conclusão: os apoios desvendados em apenas cinco peças publicitárias incluíram: emocional, presencial, instrumental e autoapoio. Nas demais, não havia apoio. Em nenhuma delas, o conjunto dos apoios foi revelado.

RESUMEN Objetivo: desvelar los apoyos de la red social de la mujer/nutriz en las piezas publicitarias de la Semana Mundial da Lactancia Materna. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, documental, cualitativo. Desde la reunión hasta el análisis de esas piezas, se adoptaron los pasos metodológicos de Gemma Penn, fundamentados en la semiología de Roland Barthes. Los resultados fueron interpretados por la teoría de la Red Social de Sanícola y de los cinco tipos de apoyo: presencial, emocional, instrumental, informativo y auto-apoyo. Resultados: en nueve piezas publicitarias de las 22 semanas mundiales de la lactancia materna, seidentificó/se identificaron actor(es) de la rede social de la mujer/nutriz. En cinco de ellas, compañero, abuelo y hermano demostraron apoyo emocional y presencial a la lactancia materna. El auto-apoyo se vio en tres carteles; el apoyo instrumental, en un cartel; y el apoyo informativo, en ningún cartel. Conclusión: los apoyos desvelados en solo cinco piezas publicitarias incluyeron: emocional, presencial, instrumental y auto-apoyo. En las demás, no había apoyo. El conjunto de los apoyos no se reveló en ninguna de ellas.

ABSTRACT Objective: to unveil the support to woman/nourisher in the advertisements of the World Breastfeeding Week. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory, documentary, qualitative study. Since the collection until the analyses of these advertisements, we adopted the methodological steps of Gemma Penn, based on the semiology of Roland Barthes. The results were interpreted by the theory of Social Network of Sanícola and of the five types of support: companionship, emotional, instrumental, informational, and self-supportive. Results: we identified actors of the social network of the woman/nourisher in nine advertisements of the 22 world breastfeeding weeks. In five of them, partner, grandmother, and brother showed emotional and companionship support to breastfeeding. We observed self-support in three posters; instrumental support in one; and informational support in none. Conclusion: the support unraveled in only five advertisements included: emotional, companionship, instrumental, and self-supportive. In the others, there was no support. The set of supports was not revealed in any of them.

Physician Response to Contextualized Price-Comparison Claims in Prescription Drug Advertising.

Background: Physician-targeted prescription drug advertisements sometimes include price comparisons between products that may misleadingly imply equivalence of efficacy and safety or misrepresent true savings, suggesting the potential utility of a context statement to explain what the claims do and do not mean. Methods: We manipulated the presence of a price claim and a context statement in a 1 × 3 (control condition, price-comparison-only, price-comparison-plus-context) between-subjects design. Physicians (N = 1,438), randomly assigned to condition, viewed the prescription drug ad and answered a brief survey. Primary outcome measures included recognition, perceived importance, and impact of the price-comparison claim, and recognition, understanding, and effectiveness of the context statement. Results: The majority of physicians accurately recognized the price claim (76.0%) but far fewer accurately recognized the associated context statement (44.9%). The context statement did not affect evaluations of the price-comparison claim importance or accuracy and did not have the intended effects on perceptions of uncertainty about drug interchangeability. Physicians may be affected by price-comparison claims in thinking that the drug has risks that are relatively less severe. Price-comparison claims also affected intentions to look for information about the drug. Conclusions: Adding a realistic context statement to a physician-targeted prescription drug ad did not generate sufficient awareness of claim caveats to differentiate price-comparison response of those exposed to the context statement from those who were not.

Efectos de la publicidad en el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en escolares de Bogotá / Media influence on adolescent alcohol consumption in schoolsin Bogotá

Objetivo Este estudio pretendemostrar las percepciones que tiene un grupo de adolescentes escolarizados entre 12 y 14 años, frente al consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y su relación con la publicidad de las mismas. Metodología Desde un enfoque cualitativo se realizaron grupos focales, entrevistas semiestructuradas y sesiones de observación participante, en dos colegios públicos de la ciudad de Bogotá, con escolares entre los 12 y 14 años de edad. Resultados En sus diferentes intervenciones los escolares refieren que el consumo de alcohol en esta franja de edad es una conducta frecuente y valorada como algo positivo. Se hace evidente que jóvenes entre los 12 y los 14 años están expuestos a la publicidad relacionada con el consumo de alcohol;recordando y haciendo referencia de diversas piezas publicitarias en televisión, vallas, afiches, redes sociales y páginas de la internet. Esta publicidad para los participantes asocia el consumo de alcohol con temas llamativos como son el fútbol, las fiestas y los amigos. Discusión Los resultados son consistentes con estudios cuantitativos que muestran una elevada prevalencia de consumo de alcohol en adolescentes colombianos. Se evidencia una relación entre la valoración positiva del consumo que hacen adolescentes de 12 a 14 años, la normalización del consumo y la publicidad que llega a ellos y que promueve el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Estos resultados cuestionan la efectividad de las regulaciones actuales frente a la publicidad del alcohol lo que debe ser tenido en cuenta para el diseño de nuevas políticas públicas.(AU)

Objective This study shows perceptions of alcohol drinking (AD) and its relationship with the media among adolescents 12 to 14 years old. Methods We performed a qualitative study with adolescents 12 to 14 years old from two public schools in Bogotá (Colombia), using focus groups, semi-structured interviews and participant observation as the primary data collection methods. Results The participants repeatedly referred to AD in this age group as a highly prevalent behavior with a positive valuation. It was also evident that teenagers 12 to 14 years old have frequent contact with alcohol-related publicity; they remember clearly and bring into the conversation many commercials and advertisements from TV, fences, posters, and websites from social networks and many brands. For participants, all of these advertising methods associate AD with enjoyable topics such as soccer, parties and friends. Discussion Our results are consistent with quantitative studies showing a high prevalence of AD among Colombian teenagers. We present a clear relationship between positive valuations of consumption among teenagers 12 to 14 years old, social normalization of consumption and contact with alcohol-promoting publicity. Our results question the efficacy of the current law regulations on alcohol advertising, and they should be taken into account for the design of new public policies on that matter.(AU)

Food and beverage promotions in Vancouver schools: A study of the prevalence and characteristics of in-school advertising, messaging, and signage.

The purpose of this study was to provide a descriptive profile of food-related advertising, messaging, and signage in Vancouver schools and to examine differences in the prevalence and characteristics of promotions between elementary and secondary schools. All food-related promotions were photographed in 23 diverse Vancouver public schools between November 2012 and April 2013. Key attributes, including the location, size, and main purpose of each promotion, as well as the type of food and/or beverage advertised and compliance with provincial school nutrition guidelines, were coded. Descriptive statistics assessed the prevalence and characteristics of promotions. Cross-tabulations examined whether the promotional landscape differed between elementary and secondary schools. All secondary and 80% of elementary schools contained food or beverage promotions (median = 17, range = 0-57 promotions per school). Of the 493 promotions documented, approximately 25% depicted "choose least" or "not recommended" items, prohibited for sale by provincial school nutrition guidelines. Nearly 1/3 of promotions advertised commercial items (e.g., brand name beverages such as Pepsi), in violation of the Board of Education's advertising policies and only 13% conveyed nutrition education messages. Close to half of all promotions were created by students for class projects, many of which marketed minimally nutritious items. In Vancouver schools, food-related promotions are common and are more prevalent in secondary than elementary schools. Students are regularly exposed to messaging for nutritionally poor items that are not in compliance with provincial school nutrition guidelines and which violate school board advertising policies. Stronger oversight of food-related promotional materials is needed to ensure that schools provide health promoting food environments.

Sexist stereotypes and biases associated with the female nursing model in advertising communication / Estereótipos e sinais sexistas associados ao modelo da mulher enfermeira na comunicação publicitária / Estereotipos y sesgos sexistas asociados al modelo de mujer enfermera en la comunicación publicitaria

In the media, gender stereotypes and biases appear that transmit a sexist representation of women. The aim of this study was to know the sexist stereotypes and biases that are projected on female nurses in advertising campaigns and to identify the characteristics of the female nurse model shown in advertising. A qualitative study was performed on four campaigns featuring female nurses in white dresses and caps, using descriptive and inferential content analysis. Conclusions show that female nurses appearing in advertising transmit both sexist stereotypes (female profession, gentleness, lack of control, strong affectivity, frivolousness, passivity, submissiveness, commitment to basic care, merely sexual and aesthetic value) and sexist biases (androcentrism and double standards). In particular, advertising propagates the model of the seductive nurse, depicted as a young, attractive, sensual and defiant woman that is used merely as a decorative presence.

Os meios de comunicação apresentam estereótipos e sinais "machistas" que transmitem uma representação sexual da mulher. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os estereótipos e sinais sexistas projetados sobre as mulheres enfermeiras em ações publicitárias e identificar as características da mulher enfermeira descrita pela publicidade. Realizou-se um estudo qualitativo, mediante análise de conteúdo, de caráter descritivo e inferencial, a partir da análise de quatro peças publicitárias em que apareciam mulheres enfermeiras com vestido e quepe branco. Conclui-se que quando a mulher enfermeira aparece na publicidade são transmitidos estereótipos sexuais sobre ela - profissão feminina, ternura, falta de controle, afetividade marcada, frivolidade, passividade, submissão, dedicação a cuidados básicos, simples valor estético e sexual; e sinais - o androcentrismo e a norma dupla. Na publicidade transmite-se, sobretudo, a imagem da enfermeira sedutora caracterizada pela imagem de uma mulher jovem, atrativa, sensual e desafiante, com presença simplesmente decorativa.

En los medios de comunicación aparecen estereotipos y sesgos de género que transmiten una representación sexista de la mujer. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer los estereotipos y sesgos sexistas que se proyectan sobre las mujeres enfermeras en acciones publicitarias, e identificar las características del modelo de mujer enfermera que transmite la publicidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo mediante análisis de contenido descriptivo e inferencial, de cuatro acciones publicitarias donde aparecían mujeres enfermeras con vestido y cofia blanca. Se concluye que cuando la mujer enfermera aparece en la publicidad se transmiten estereotipos sexistas sobre ella -profesión femenina, ternura, falta de control, afectividad marcada, frivolidad, pasividad, sumisión, dedicación a cuidados elementales, simple valor estético y sexual, y sesgos sexistas - el androcentrismo y la doble moral. En la publicidad se transmite, sobre todo, el modelo de enfermera seductora, caracterizado como mujer joven, atractiva, sensual y desafiante, con presencia simplemente decorativa.

Food branding and young children's taste preferences: a reassessment.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the effects of branding and packaging on young children's taste preferences. METHODS: Preschool children aged 3 to 5 (n=65) tasted five pairs of identical foods in packaging from McDonald's and in matched packaging that was either plain, Starbucks-branded, or colourful (but unbranded). Children were asked if the foods tasted the same or if one tasted better. RESULTS: Children preferred the taste of foods wrapped in decorative wrappings, relying more on aesthetics than on familiar branding when making their choices. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the need to explore questions beyond commercial advertising (and brand promotion) on television and other media platforms. More attention should be directed at the important role of packaging in directing children's food preferences.

Analysis of written advertising material distributed through community pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Advertising is a crucial component of pharmaceutical industry promotion. Research indicates that information on advertisement materials might be inadequate, inaccurate, biased, and misleading. OBJECTIVE: To analyse and critically assess the information presented in print pharmaceutical advertisements in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: Pharmaceutical advertisements were collected from 280 community pharmacies in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The advertisements were evaluated using criteria derived from the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) regulation, the World Health Organization (WHO) ethical medicinal drug promotion criteria, and other principles reported in similar studies. The data were extracted independently by two of the researchers using a standardized assessment form. RESULTS: One hundred eighty five printed advertisements were included in the final sample. Approximately half of the advertisements (n = 94, 51%) were for over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and 71 (38%) were for prescription-only medication. Information such as the name of active ingredients was available in 168 (90.8%) advertisements, therapeutic uses were mentioned in 156 (98.7%) of analysed advertisements. Safety information related to side effects, precautions, and major interactions were stated in 53 (28.5%), 58 (31%), and 33 (16.5%) advertisements, respectively. Only 119 advertisements (64%) provided references for information presented. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that print advertisements do not convey all the information necessary for safe prescribing. These results have implications for the regulation of drug advertising and the continuing education of pharmacists.

Leyes de violencia de género y sexismo publicitario: análisis comparativo de Argentina, España, Estados Unidos y México / Laws on gender violence and their effect on sexism in advertising: a comparative analysis of advertisements from Argentina, Mexico, Spain and the United States

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorar, a través de los anuncios publicitarios seleccionados de cuatro países -Argentina, España, Estados Unidos y México- el impacto de las normas sobre violencia de género en la incidencia del sexismo y los sesgos de género en la publicidad. MÉTODOS: Análisis de contenido de 163 anuncios: 69 españoles, 16 mexicanos, 50 argentinos y 28 estadounidenses. Para realizar el análisis se recabaron datos sobre la presencia de cuerpos desvinculados del producto promocionado, la presentación estereotípica de hombres y mujeres y los sesgos de género en las publicidades de Argentina, España, Estados Unidos y México. RESULTADOS: En relación con los estereotipos, (i) en los anuncios considerados de Argentina (P = 0,000), España (P = 0,000) y México (P = 0,011) se ubica preferentemente a los hombres frente a las mujeres en la esfera pública; (ii) hay más anuncios que muestran hombres que mujeres ejerciendo profesiones neutras (Argentina, P = 0,004; España, P = 0,000 y México, P = 0,025); y (iii) se los representa como trabajadores y usuarios en mayor proporción de anuncios que a las mujeres (P = 0,000) y ocupando el rol paternal en una proporción menor (P = 0,000). Con respecto a los sesgos, la visibilidad de los hombres es mayor que la de las mujeres en los cuatro países y solo en los anuncios españoles se encontraron diferencias significativas en la falta de paridad -los hombres "hacen" en más publicidades que las mujeres- (P = 0,014) y de empoderamiento (P = 0,045) -se muestran más anuncios con hombres que mujeres tomando decisiones. CONCLUSIONES: Aquellos países con normativas dirigidas a la comunicación para prevenir la violencia de género no tienen una publicidad menos sexista. Para analizar las relaciones entre leyes, sexismo y violencia de género se requiere una valoración diacrónica y rigurosa de los instrumentos construidos, así como su contrastación con otros indicadores culturales y sociales muchas veces difíciles de aislar.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of gender violence legislation on the incidence of sexism and gender bias in advertisements published in four countries: Argentina, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. METHODS: The study focused on the content of 163 advertisements: 69 from Spain, 16 from Mexico, 50 from Argentina, and 28 from the United States. Data were gathered on the presence of bodies not associated with the product being advertised, to study the stereotypical presentation of men and women and gender biases in advertisements in Argentina, Mexico, Spain, and the United States. RESULTS: The following stereotypical findings were observed: (i) men were shown in public places more often than women in the ads from Argentina (P = 0.000), Spain (P = 0.000), and Mexico (P = 0.011); (ii) men were shown more often than women practicing neutral professions in the ads from Argentina (P = 0.004), Spain (P = 0.000), and Mexico (P = 0.025); and (iii) men were shown more often than women as workers and users (P = 0.000) and less often than women in a parenting role (P = 0.000). With regard to biases, (i) men were given greater visibility than women in all four countries, and (ii) only in the ads from Spain were there significant differences in terms of parity, with men appearing more often in the ads than women (P = 0.014), and empowerment, with men shown making decisions more often than women; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Those countries with legislation aimed at using communication to prevent gender violence do not have less sexism in their advertisements. To analyze the relationships between laws, sexism, and gender violence, it would be necessary to undertake a rigorous diachronic assessment of the instruments constructed and also to compare the results with other cultural and social indicators that are often difficult to isolate.